Islam attempted to unify and consolidate the rules and regulations on marriage in keeping with Islamic principles, so that these remained consistent irrespective of the affiliations, social status or geographical location of the spouses. However, there were also contemporaneous records of Arabian women managing their own businesses and making proposals of marriage to men of their own accord much before the advent of Islam. Undeniably, some tribes accorded women no rights and treated them as mere property or “ornaments” – it was relatively common for newborn girls to be buried alive and sons to inherit their fathers’ wives (numbering a hundred or more in some cases) in pre-Islamic Arabia. As a result, the extent of a woman’s emancipation largely depended on the tribe she belonged to and her status within her tribe. Historians have found that in pre-Islamic Arabia tribal customs and practices governed all matters, including marriages, and there was no uniform set of rules applicable to the citizens of the region.
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